Miraculous Mullein - Ray 

Deep in winter night the air may bite one's toes,

One may see a beacon of light standing tall amongst the snow.

Mullein, the candlewick plant, silver-green leaves are soft,

Waiting to be harvested and hung upside down, abundant in my loft.

I'll utilize stalks for burning and make a tasty tea.

"Be wary of the seeds" grandmothers words rang through me,

Mullein seeds are quite poisonous, so remove them when you brew.  

Consider throwing them in the water tomorrow to catch fish easier too.

My body soothed by mullein leaf tea steaming in my cup,

And warmed by the fire their stalks lit right back up,

I'll say a grateful prayer and tuck back into bed,  

Thankful for grandmothers' words ringing in my head.  

Welcome to Sunflower Guru. Episode 4, Verbascum thapsus,  

otherwise known as mullein, candlewick and torch plant,  

lungwort, and shepherds staff.

[Name Background]

The Latin word "barba" or "barbascum" refers to the hairy stamens and velvety leaves.

The Greek Island of Thapsus connects the species of mullein to the abundant growth in this region.

The common name Mullein is inspired from the Latin word "mollis", which describes soft, hairy leaves.  

Part of the Scrophulariaceae (snapdragon) family.  

The name Scrophulariaceae is derived from the word scrofula, a form of tuberculosis, given many of this species may be used as a natural medicine for this disease.

We are about to discuss a plethora of practical uses of Miraculous Mullein.

Identification, how to grow, where to find, medicinal healing, history, and even the smoking of its leaves.  

This podcast is intended for educational purposes only and does not constitute providing medical advice or professional services. Information provided should not be used for diagnosing or treating health conditions. Consulte with a licensed physician before implementing lifestyle changes.  

[Botanical Description]

Native throughout Ethiopia, Egypt, Eurasia, India, the Himalayas, and Europe.

Mullein has naturalized all over the globe.

Hardy to zones 3 - 10.  

This Biennial, perennial broadleaf evergreen has over 300 species in its genus of Verbascum.

Verbascum thapsus enjoys full-sun to part-shade,  

While thriving in disturbed soils; appearing in sites that have been clear cut, logged, deforested, constructed, or grazed.  Well-draining, sandy, rocky, clay, fertile, deficient, and loam soils are all adequate substrates with a pH from 6 - 8 and does not require any fertilizer for healthy growth.  

Mullein is drought tolerant requiring at least 6 inches of water a year and does not like wet feet.  

Cold temperatures induce flowering in Verbascum thapsus's second year while foliage remains evergreen, providing winter interest to the landscape.  

Deer, elk, mountains goats, chipmunks, prairie dogs, and small mammals enjoy mullein when there is little to no other food available in winter months.

When applied to the garden, mullein may provide a tall vertical contrast that stays evergreen.  

Cottage gardens, gravel gardens, pollinator gardens, container gardens, wildflower gardens, and winter gardens are excellent placements.  

Companion plants may be tomatoes to attract hornworms, as a climbing stalk for beans and peas, as a pest deterrent for strawberries, Brassicas, radishes,, to aerate soils around potatoes, basil nasturtium, chives, carrots, spinach are all excellent choices.  

Different cultivations have shown anti-bacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, emollient, astringent vulnerary, diuretic, antispasmodic, anti-tumor, anti-carcinogenic,  antimicrobial, diuretic, expectorant, and mild sedative qualities.

Wow. We have so much to cover with so many cultivations we can make out of Mullein.  

For now, let's dive into how to properly identify mullein.  

[ History]

Mullein has been honored since the Ancient Greeks as a healing herb and a medicine of the people.

Even illiterate citizens prized its medicinal qualities.  

Pharmacologist and botanist Discorides highly praised mullein for its ability to soothe respiratory ailments.

Indigenous cultures in Mexico such as the Nahuati named the plant Gordolobo, which is still sold in apothecaries today, which began at times even before the coming of conquistadoes.

In medieval Jewish medicine, mullein was included as one of the 23 vital healing herbs.

Remedies also showed presence during the Middle Ages.  

Our candlewick plant served as a bridge between the colonization of the New World and  understanding of healing throughout the colonies.    

The National Formulary in 1916-1936 acknowledged Verbascum thapsus as a staple in herbal medicine and was approved by the German Commission E advisory panel for the treatment for respiratory health.

Verbascum thapsus has been used throughout time by medical professionals in naturopathic, electric, herbalist, home remedies, physicians, and in medical institutions for the healing of both humans and animals.  

[Identification]

Foliage grows low to the ground in basal rosettes.

Soft velvety leaves emerge from the root crown at the soils surface appearing lanceolate to oblong, bluish-gray-green, and may grow  6" wide and 2" long.

Soft hairs help to break the force of winds and prevent water loss in hot conditions.  

Commonly referred to as bunny ears and may be mistaken with lamb's ear. Although these two plants treat similar ailments medicinally, Mullein leaves appear much larger while lambs ear has a soft white pigmentation to their fury hairs.

Mullein is the most commonly seen wildflower in the world, supporting ecosystems globally.  

5 petaled, yellow, cylindric flower clusters appear on the top of mulleins strong tall stalk their second year of growth. Blooms are around an inch across and appear around July - September. They gift a honey-like aroma to the airs attracting pollinators of all kinds. Bees, wasps, short long-tongued bees, butterflies, flies, birds, and other pollinators enjoy these blooms. Flower's only last for a day, closing at dusk and self pollinate.

Mullein flowers produce a yellow dye which may be used for dying cloth and hair.

When using the leaves for dye, adding sulfuric acid and lowering the pH will produce green pigmentations, while raising the pH will produce a brown color.    

After flowering, mullein dies, but leaves its tall strong stalks standing, making it easy to identify.  

Their stalk grows to heights of 10 feet tall and is coated with small hairs, while leaves grow alternately up the stem in a whorl directing rainwater toward the roots.  

Valued since Ancient Rome, flower tips are dipped in tallow and used as a long-lasting ceremonial torch and in dark corridors and mines.  

Mullein torches were a symbol of the independent soul who moves courageously, willing to take chances on their journey of spiritual growth. Due to mulleins centering and calming qualities, it has been utilized for prayer, meditation, and healing to carry one through their path focused, grounded, and move into one's strength in new beginnings. Self-expression, communication, inner peace, and hope move into the necessary effort to reach ones goals.  

Next time I see a mullein stalk, I'll use it as my beacon of light.  

Seeds may be collected after flower stalks dry, leaving 100k - 250k seeds in their wake.

Those of which closely resemble their parent plants.  

Seeds may remain preserved in soil for thousands of years until the soil is turned and disturbed, being that they require sunlight for germination. When planted shallowly, seeds may sprout in both cold and hot temperatures. Archaeologists have found viable seeds dated back to A.D. 1300.

Seed capsules are brown/copper in color and are ovoid hairy with splits opening in two valves, each capsule releasing 500 - 800 seeds. And that's just one capsule in the whole array of many on one stalk.  

Six-sided seeds are pitted with wavy ridges and deep grooves, generally falling within a 3 foot radius of the parent plant.

Do you remember the poem we read at the beginning of this podcast?

Grandmothers' wise words warns about mullein seeds, they are toxic.  

Fishermen would throw seeds in the water to stun fish, making them easier to collect.  

The chemical constituent rotenone is released as seeds are crushed, and when thrown in the water, makes fish sluggish and the waters are more difficult to breathe in.  

This technique was used since before the Revolutionary war and was first introduced to the America's around the 17th century, however, this practice is illegal today.  

Conservationists may want to rid the plant; although Verbascum thapsus has easily naturalized to many ecosystems, they are not native to many areas.  

The only effective method is to uproot plants before they go to seed, placed in a pile with exposed roots while they decompose, shallow taproots are fibrous and branch cyndrically in soil, making them easy to harvest and pull up from soil.

spray and mowing will not work. Sites left undisturbed for several years will clear out naturally as seeds go dormant. Smoldering burns may help to limit mullein numbers, however, seeds have shown to be slightly fire resistant.

Verbascum thapsus is only considered noxious in Colorado and Hawaii and is generally self-managed in most ecosystems.

We've only just scratched the surface on everything that mullein can offer.  

Did you know that Mullein leaves have been noted in Northwest floral guides as insoles for weary hikers, they actually help to relieve fatigue if used on the bottom of the feet and as a soft step. How cool.

They may also be used as a soft and thoughout toilet paper.  

Way to go nature.  

[Cultivations music]

Various cultivations of mullein such as smoke, oils, tincture, tea, and poultice has shown incredible action to accelerate rapid repair of incisional and excisional wounds withing 10 days of daily application.  

High Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and Polysaccharides may help to stimulate collagen synthesis by fibrosis and acceleration of hydroxyproline content while increasing vascular endothelial growth factor while providing a soothing analgesic quality.  

Constituents:

Verbascum thapsus has shown to possess and incredible number of flavonoids which have displayed antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, andti-diabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antihyperglycemic, antiviral and neuroprotective properties.

Let's dive into a couple flavonoids.

Apigenin is a flavonoid phytochemical glycoside that has been respected by body builders and medics alike. Known to boost testosterone synthesis and muscle growth, strength and energy while aiding in new cell-growth, accelerating fracture recovery in bone health, while promoting clear skin.  

Apigenin has been observed to be an incredible antioxidant.  

Neural Regeneration Research has found neurological improvement by soothing the bodies nervous system, improving memory, reducing cortisol, and the bodies response to stress all while acting as an analgesic, and  reducing inflammation, anxiety, and depression.

Phytotherapy research has found Apigenin may aid in treating and preventing tumors and cancer by inducing healthy cell recycling, apoptosis in cervical, breast, pancreatic, prostate, skin, blood, colon, lung, and liver tumors.  

Cardio-protective qualities may protect against heart attack, reduce blood pressure, and aid in balancing blood-glucose levels which may be helpful in treating diabetes.  

Verbascoside:

Another glycoside, Verbascoside, is considered a "Treasure from the garden" with traditional use to treat inflammation and microbial infections. Studied to provide synergistic activity when used with antibiotics to treat antibiotic resistant pathogens and is approved for use in the food industry to preserve food.  

This water-soluble medicinal constituent appears in tea extracts and shows strong antioxidant qualities, while providing neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory,  anti-fungal, and wound healing qualities.  

Luteolin, Kaempferol, Herperidin, Rutin, Triterpene saponins, Vitamin C, Healthy Fats, Carbs, Proteins, and Volatile Oils also play an incredible medicinal role.  

Without further ado, let's dive into specific cultivations of mullein and how we may practically use them in day-to-day life. Flowers, foliage, roots, and stalks may all be used in various forms.  

We're about to cover edibility, tinctures, extracts, teas, oils, poultice, smoking, syrup, cosmetics, and cautions to keep in mind while cultivating.  

[Medicinal/Cultivations]

Edible:  

In culinary applications, yellow flowers may be used as a garnish with a gentle sweet flavor which is full of our beloved antioxidants.  

Harvest as they bloom to enjoy through their season.  

Leaves are hairy and may have to be blanched or boiled before consumption. Leaves harbor a bitter flavor that may substitute leafy greens in soups, stews, sautees, or other culinary dishes.

Tea:  

Mullein tea has a gentle salted-vanilla flavor. To brew, boil 1 cup of water or milk with 2 tsp. of dried mullein leaves and/or flowers and steep for 15 minutes and strain. Consume up to 3 times a day. Flavonoids are immersed into tea after 10 minutes of steeping.

Verbascum thapsus may provide soothing and relaxation to the nerves (which has been noted as a sleep aid) while soothing inflamed tracts in the body.

Mullein tea may help to treat sore throat, tuberculosis, cough, colds, influenza, bronchitis, tonsillitis, hoarseness, asthma, fever, headaches, earaches, gout, colic, digestive issues such as stomach ulcers, diarrhea, constipation, infections of the colon, kidneys , urinary tract (including vaginal yeast infections), acts as a diuretic, may treat viral ailments like foul plague virus, strains of influenza A and B, and herpes complex, and act as an antibacterial against K. pneumoniae and S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and E. coli.

Applied topically, the tea may treat acne, psoriasis, eczema, headaches, and joint pain.  

An ailment called Bursitis is a painful joint condition where the small, fluid-filled sacs (called bursae) cushion the bones, tendons and joints become inflammed, which most often may be observed in the shoulder, elbows, and hips. Mullein tea has shown to help treat this condition both internally and topically.

Tincture/Extract:  

To infuse a tincture, fill a jar full of mullein flower/foliage and cover completely with alcohol such as vodka. Let sit for 4 - 6 weeks while shaking periodically, strain, then store in a cool, dark location until use. This tincture may keep for years to come.  

Tinctures have displayed anti-parasitic activity against roundworms (Ascaridia galli) and tapeworms (Raillietina spiralis), and may be antiviral against herpese  , antibacterial against E. coli, Mycobacter phlei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus, may help to treat migraines and chronic inner-ear disorders and infections.  

Mullein root extract has been observed to harbor anti-tumor and antibacterial qualities, however, high doses of 2500 - 10,000 mg/l has shown to be toxic.  

Oils:

Leaves and flowers may be infused into a medicinal mullein oil.

Ailments like skin inflammations, eczema, burns, frostbites, infectious diseases, ear infections, headaches, and wound healing.

Verbascum thapsus infused oils may be used internally and externally.

Any carrier oil may be used s/a olive, jojoba, and almond oils.  

To infuse, combined 1 cup mullein foliage and flowers in 1-2 cup carrier oil.  

To accelerate infusion, preform a hot extraction in a double boiler and brew for three hours.

A gentle cold-oil extraction may be performed by steeping plant material in the carrier oil in a warm sunny window for 7 - 10 days while ensuring to continuously mix and submerge plant material. Strain, and store in a dark glass bottle in a cool location to extend preservation.

To treat earaches in adults, children and even animals, apply warmed oil two to three times a day. 1 drop for children under 10, and two drops for adults. A study in the Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine found that the anti-bacterial and analgesic qualities matched the effectiveness of enesthetic medicine.  

Poultice:

Leaves may be made into a poultice with water or milk and applied topically to aid in the treatment of inflammation and wound healing; boils, hemorrhoids, carbuncles, gout, painful joints, chilblains, burns, bruises, and sprains, while softening and protecting skin.  

Smoke:

Spiritually, mullein smoke was used in divination practices.

Navajo, Choctaw, Catawbas, Potawatomis, Mohegans, Penobscots, Hopi, and Menominess  believed smoking mullein was able to alleviate mental disorders and dispel negative thoughts.

Used to stimulate and soothe the lungs and may lend a hand in healing respiratory ailments like asthma and reducing congestion while opening up the lungs.

A constituent called Mucilage is a polysaccharide that has been observed to soothe mucosa membranes and moisten the linings inside the respiratory tract with a coating which reduces inflammation.

Mixing Verbascum thapsus in herbal smokes may be beneficial in combating negative effects of tobacco and other herbs while the leaves have been used to wrap herbal joints.

Smoke exposed to topical wounds has been observed to increase thickness of the epidermis, angiogenisis to accelerate blood flower to the wound, and factor expression (VEGF).

Harvest leaves that are still green let dry before storing in a glass jar.  

Mullein veins hold onto moisture so it's best to separate them before storing to prevent molding.

Dried plant leaf material may be crumbly and quite flammable, which may be useful kindling for starting  fires.

Syrup:  

Mix 2.5 cups of a strong mullein root/flower tea infusion in an enamel pot with a 1:1 ratio of honey and brown sugar. Stir frequently until mixture thickens. This may also be used as a cough syrup.

Cosmetic:  

Oil, water, and alcoholic extracts may be used in the making of cosmetics, noting their anti-aging qualities.

Fermentation:

Mullein has been used to flavor alcoholic beverages.

Cautions:

Mullein is considered generally safe for most individuals.  

No adverse side effects are expected to occur being that Verbascum thapsus is in the safely class of 1 in the Botanical Safety Handbook.  

While rare, some may be allergic to mullein and may experience contact dermatitis, perform a patch test before consuming.  

Consult with a licensed physician before ingesting or using topically.

Using mullein isn't suggested if one is on antidiabetic medications, or muscle relaxants as it may intensify these drugs while interacting with lithium, mullein is a natural diuretic and may reduce pottassium in the body if used with diuretics

Do not use if nursing or pregnant.

Do not use an herbal ear oil if your eardrum is perforated.

Ensure harvested leaves have not been exposed to pesticides or pollutants.

Verbascum thapsus seeds are considered toxic.

Floriography:  

May represent ones good nature and positive characteristics.

We have covered history, how to grow and identify, folk medicine, specific chemical constituents, and cultivations for our beacon of light plant, mullein, Verbascum thapsus, candlewick    and torchwick plant.

You've been listening to Sunflower Guru Episode 4. Mullein, Verbascum thapsus

If you enjoyed this episode consider supporting the show on Patreon @SunflowerGuru

All resources and references are provided in the show notes.  

Remember, seeds must be planted to grow.

Till next time,  

Youtube links and description:  

Herbal Jedi: Mulling over Mullein - Benefits and Uses with Yarrow Willard (Herbal Jedi)  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpPNswcrvi8&t=208s

Music:

Mother Mullein Song - Bagsy Music

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cm3hoOSSteQ  

Mullein Music Video: Oh Gee ARTchitect

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZK2o_P1xx0

Mullein People - Boris McCutcheon & the Salt Licks

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KjP6yqsTvJw

Resources and References:

Resources:

https://powerfoodhealth.com/best-superfoods/hesperidin-the-citrus-bioflavonoid-that-supports-the-brain-heart/#:~:text=When%20taken%20in%20supplement%20form%2C%20it%E2%80%99s%20often%20used,system%2C%20potentially%20fighting%20cancer%20and%20managing%20menopause%20symptoms (pow)

https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/plants/plants/mullein#:~:text=This%20last%20name%20was%20given%20because%20the%20leaves,among%20young%20women%20whose%20cultures%20have%20shunned%20cosmetics (enc)

https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/verbascum-thapsus/#:~:text=The%20name%20Verbascum%20is%20derived%20from%20Latin%20word,ancient%20village%20of%20modern%20day%20Tunisia%20called%20Thapsus (ncs)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0734975014000962#:~:text=Verbascoside%20is%20hydrophilic%20in%20nature%20and%20possesses%20pharmacologically,in%20addition%20to%20numerous%20wound-healing%20and%20neuroprotective%20properties. (ali)

https://www.buildingbeautifulsouls.com/symbols-meanings/flower-meanings-symbolism/mullein-meaning-symbolism/ (bui)

https://kiki-green.com/blogs/news/exploring-the-history-and-folklore-surrounding-mullein-leaf (tan)

https://mastergardener.extension.wisc.edu/files/2015/12/CommonMullein.pdf (mas)

https://www.livescience.com/52001-common-mullein-herb-plant-photos.html (bus)

https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/common-mullein-verbascum-thapsus/ (wis)

https://www.poetrysoup.com/famous/poem/song_of_a_second_april_5989 (edna)

https://plantgrowthstages.com/mullein-companion-plants-for-your-garden/ (max)

https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/vertha/all.html (fsu)

https://www.poetrysoup.com/famous/poem/winter_sleep_19796 (eli)

https://magickalspot.com/mullein/#History%20and%20Folklore (car)

https://www.poetrysoup.com/famous/poem/pastoral_16412 (edn)

http://cms.herbalgram.org/expandedE/Mulleinflower.html (ame)

https://www.bbg.org/article/weed_of_the_month_mullein (naf)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8186151/ (tal)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9370273/ (shi)

https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/verbascum-thapsus/ (pla)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11148884_Biological_activity_of_Common_Mullein_a_medicinal_plant (arz)

https://www.gardenia.net/genus/verbascum-mullein (gar)

https://foliagefriend.com/mullein-flower-meaning/ (fol)

https://health.clevelandclinic.org/mullein-benefits (lun)

https://www.drugs.com/npc/mullein.html (dru)

https://botanicalinstitute.org/mullein/ (pow)

https://draxe.com/nutrition/apigenin/ (axeee)

https://draxe.com/nutrition/mullein/ (axe)

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Episode 2. Papaver: Podcast Script and Resources  

[Botanical Story]

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Legends say, spirit moves through time within dreams,

Where creation may communicate messages to be seen.

Premonitions travel to tell of blessings and warnings alike

Dreamer, listen, and   visualize the scenery.  

Tell me what you can see.  

I see poppy flowers  

The bed on which messengers lay,

Seeds must be planted to grow.  

That is what legends say

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Welcome to Sunflower Guru. Episode 2,  Papaver, Breadseed Poppy, Corn Poppy, and Flanders Poppy.  

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Apart of the Papaveracea family, the Latin word "Papaver" means "to swell", referring to the swelling seed capsules as they mature. The Latin word "papa" means "milk" referring to the latex that protrudes from the plant when it is broken or cut.  Papaver somniferum is directly related to the Latin translation meaning "Sleep bringing poppy"

[Sunflower Guru Theme Song]

Tell em' what you're going to tell em'  

We're covering medicinal, culinary cultivations, growing conditions, history, opium, identification, and a special Mason Poppy Bee called Haplitis papaveris which uses poppy petals to adorn the entrance to their home.

This podcast is intended for educational purposes only and does not constitute providing medical advice or professional services. Information provided should not be used for diagnosing or treating health conditions. Consultee with a licensed physician before implementing lifestyle changes.  

[Ancestry]

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Opium poppy is derived from the variety Papaver somniferum. and has been cultivated since antiquity for thousands of years as one of the few known pain killers.  

Papaver somniferum has been cultivated since the Neolithic ages according to archaeologists.  

Known as the "Joy Plant" to Sumerians, who passed it onto the Assyrians and then to Egyptians.

"Milk of the poppy" was prescribed on Egyptian papyrus scrolls, combined with honey to calm crying babies.

Egyptians used poppies as a rotation crop in agriculture, giving nutrients to soil and growing grains.

Known as the "daughter of the fields" or the "life-blood" of the soil and fertility.  

Egyptian art depicts poppies as a symbol of eternal life and was buried with mummies.  

One of the earliest recordings of Opium prescription was recorded in a Sumerian clay tablet around 2100 B.C., prescribing it's analgesic use in surgery.

A Greek Minoan statue found in Gazi dated around 1500 B.C. adorns a woman with poppies in her hair with sedated eyes, and erected breasts erect symbolizing their benefits to fertility.

Nearly all Papaver plants may be used for medicinal applications in the form of essential oils, tinctures, food, flour extract, slaves, cosmetics, shampoos, conditioner, UV protecting lotions, you name it.  

An expanse of scientific studies display anti-inflammatory properties, the nurturing of the reproductive system, nervous system, intestinal system, and may help to treat respiratory ailments, be cytotoxic to cancer cells, and may act as a sedative, narcotic, and analgesic, all harboring aphrodisiac qualities.

With all this good, A specific cultivation has historically shown to bring onslaught within nations andeconomic destruction due to addictive abuse of opium medicine.  

Strangely enough, it wasn't until the 15th century that ANY record of addiction or dependance with opium was recorded Hmmm.

[Sunflower Blip]

[Milk of the Poppy]

Music:

Cinematic Documentary Romantic by Infraction No Copyright Music  Birds Flight

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGqzavZWCRw

"Milk of the poppy" is harvested from spherical seed pods a week after petals have fallen.  

Immature poppy pods are sliced by a shallow multi-blade razor, the latex oozes out to be harvested the next day when it is dried, this process is repeated several times with each pod.  

This black goo is pure opium that may be stored in cool, dry environments with an incredible shelf life.  

Opium medicine may act as an analgesic, cough suppressant, a sedative especially used in surgery, may be anti-diarrhea, and anti-inflammatory.

Opium contains around 12% of morphine which acts directly with the central nervous system to relieve pain. Opium contains over 50 different types of alkaloids.

In 1803, a Garman pharmacist named F.W. Serturner brewed the drug Morphine from opium. The name inspired from the Greek God of Sleep named Morphius.  

Mature pods have stigmatic rays that appear disk like and are self-seeding. Pain-killing alkaloids no longer produce once the pod is mature.

An opium elixir, Laudanum, is made with Sherry, opium and spices, created in the late 16th century by British apothecary Thomas Syndenham.  

Laudanum was adopted by most pharmacopeias and sold to the common people by the pint.  

Commonly utilized as a sleep aid, sedative, and for toothaches in teething toddlers.  

Dosage may be administered by the drop, 5-30 drops depending on levels of pain.  

[Sunflower Guru Theme Song]

Opium is illegal in many countries including Thailand.  

Opium is legal for pharmaceutical use in Australian Canada, India, Russia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Holland, France, Hungary, Iran, Poland, Romania, Spain, and Central and Southern America.  

It is legal to grow Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy, in the United states but illegal to manufacture opium from the poppies.

Music:

Endless Storm by Makaisymphony    War Music No Copyright  

"Makai Symphony - Endless Storm" is under a Creative Commons license (CC BY-SA 3.0).

/ makai-symphony    

Music promoted by BreakingCopyright: https://bit.ly/b-endless-storm  

An era violence, force, and manipulation from the British East Trading Company was known as Chinas "century of humiliation", riddled with unequal treaties, greed, and destruction.  

Opium was persistently smuggled into China despite the countries efforts to rid the drug.

The sale of Opium was banned in 1729, China had become dependent and economically vulnerable to The British East Trading Company which became the most powerful and profitable traders of their time.  

They were brutal and unforgiving, controlling land, politics, and money of the nations. Chinese citizen adopted a crippling addiction to smoking opium which ignited the "Opium Wars".  

The British East Trading Company persisted, opening missionary churches to veil the smuggling of opium.  

War broke out between Britan and Chinese war ships in 1839 and ended when Chinese officials were held at gunpoint in 1842 and forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing in favor of the British.  

China suffered greatly while imports rose up to 82,000 chests of opium.  

China began manufacturing their own opium in attempts to regain control. This lead to the second war in 1860.

Chinese immigrants brought opium smoking into the United States during The Gold Rush and opened up opium dens in San Francisco's Chinatown spreading all the way to New York.

Music:

Trailer Cinematic Battle by Infraction No Copyright Music  Attack

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-YUfZa6s1E

In Flanders Fields – John McCrae

1872 – 1918

In Flanders fields the poppies blow

Between the crosses, row on row,

  That mark our place; and in the sky

  The larks, still bravely singing, fly

Scarce heard amid the guns below.

We are the Dead. Short days ago

We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,

  Loved and were loved, and now we lie

      In Flanders fields.

Take up our quarrel with the foe:  

To you from failing hands we throw

  The torch; be yours to hold it high.  

  If ye break faith with us who die

We shall not sleep, though poppies grow

      In Flanders fields.

This poem is in the public domain.

John McCrae was a Canadian doctor and teacher who served in World War I.

Opium was widely used by medics and soldier during the first and second world wars.

Meadows of red poppies would spring up in ravaged fields after battle and quickly became a symbol of honor of those fallen in battle.  

Since 1921, poppy flowers have been worn on the lapel on Memorial day in respect to the soldiers and families effected by the war.  

[Sunflower Guru Theme Song]

Papaver is truly a plant of polarities.  

One with a colorful past and is capable of so much good.

We have yet to discuss specific medicinal and edible uses, along with our Poppy Mason Bee, Haplitis papaveris.  

[Growing Conditions]

Music:

Day Off From Loneliness by Eino Toivanen is licensed under a  Creative Commons License.

Creative Commons — Attribution 4.0 International — CC BY 4.0 — https://bit.ly/CC40I

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There are over 149 accepted species of Papaver plants.  

Hardy to zones 2 - 10, an herbaceous perennial, biannual, or annual with naturalizing abilities in a expanse of ecosystems and has a life cycle of 120 days.

It is said that Papaver somniferum originates from Turkey, while Papaver rhoeas originates from Europe and Asia, while some reports track poppies to modern day Iraq and Kuwait.  

Natural growth ay be found in open disturbed areas, dry evergreen forests, and along streams and valleys. They thrive in well-draining, moderately moist loam or silt soils that may be nutrient dense or deficient with a pH between 6 - 8.

Papaver may grow in sand if provided enough water and they may grow in clay soils however their deep tap roots may find it difficult to penetrate. Papaver rhoeas has been used along roadsides to help stabilize soils and prevent erosion due to their taproots.  

Poppies are intolerant to drought and do not enjoy water-logging conditions. Water stress in early development may affect alkaloid accumulation in the capsules sufficient water is necessary to harvest medicinal alkaloids

Growing conditions greatly affect chemical constituents that are present in the plants. Whether that be soil type, sun exposure, elevation, and water alike.  

Papaver plants grow to be 6in - 5ft tall depending on the variety and how much sun they have available. .  Afternoon shade is beneficial in hot tropical areas.

[Medicinal]

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Cinematic Inspirational Wedding by Infraction No Copyright Music  Follow Your Dream

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Chemical Constituents and phytochemical composition may drastically vary given plant variety, growing conditions, and extraction methods.  

Extraction include type of solvent, extraction time, temperature, and which parts of the plant that are used (all parts of the plant may be used to make medicines).  

Extracts display effective bioactivities in the form small nanoparticles which penetrate more readily into the bacterial membrane, better defeating bacterial cells, membrane leakage, and oxidative stress.

Music:

Fern Plant Background Music For Fern Plant Copyright Free Music

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The constituent Papaverine exhibits anticarcinogenic and antitumor qualities as a first-line anticancer medicine. Showing dose-dependent anticancer properties in prostate cancer while enhansing permeability of the blood-brain barrier to work against tumorous growth.

The constituent Noscapine has been studied as an anti-carcinogenic, effective in treating skin cancer cell line (A-431) inducing 80 % cell death and inducing structural change in human serum albumin protein, while displaying activity with epithelial ovarian, prostate, and colon cancer cells SW480 cells, blocking the liver-intestine cadherin (CDH17) gene. Colon Cancer cell SW480 was decreased while upregulating cell expression levels of cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and cleaved-capse-3, inhibiting cell-proliferation. Qualities show promising use against cancers of the breast, liver, prostate, bone, colorectal, and fibrosarcoma.

The constituents Sanguinarine, and Berberine may also have anti-carcinogenic qualities.

With chemotherapeutic agents for treating cancers that may be multi-drug resistance.

The constituent Thebaine binds to the mu-opioid receptors within the central and peripheral nervous systems, overall reducing nociceptive transmission. Morphine codeine, oxycodone, and buprenorphine are mostly derived from Thebaine.  

The constituent Romerine has shown anti-microbial activity against bacteria S. aureus and C. albicans.

[Sunflower Guru Theme Song Blip]

Honestly my mind is blown, and some of that did go over my head.  

however I wanted to share how it was written among the many articles found on the National Library of Medicine.  

[Cultivations]

Music:

Premonition          No Copyright  Music

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Poppy varieties P. somnifera, P. rhoeas, P. bracteatum, P. strictum, and P. blansa are commonly eaten.

Seeds are rich in magnesium, calcium, phosphorous, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, antioxidants, Vitamin E, carotenoids, chlorophyll, phytochemicals, polyphenols, phytosterols, phospholipids, linolic acid, essential amino acids which are the building blocks to protein, Omega 3, 6, and 9's, high fiber content may help boost the immune system, strengthen bones and joints, protect the organs, heart, lungs, liver, the digestive system, neurological system, is said to increase learning and memory, promote healthy skin and healthy sleep, balance cholesterol, all while protecting mitochondria,  

Seeds have a nutty flavor that pairs well with both sweet and savory culinary dishes, closely resembling the taste sesame seeds that enriches when roasted.  

Pastas, soups, sauteed dishes, salad dressings, lemon poppy seed muffins, poppy seed bagels, and as a garnish, pretty much anything.

The flavor pairs well with onions, garlic, citrus, almond, walnut, vanilla, cinnamon, and creams.

Try sprinkling poppy seeds over eggs while they're cooking in the morning with liquid aminos, onion, and fresh sprouts on top.

In general poppies should be safe to eat in moderate quantities of 3-8 tbs. a day but may cause gastric distress if consumed in excess.  

Harvested seeds are preserved in cool, dry environments.

Music:

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Tea:

Unwashed poppy seeds are said to have pain killing alkaloids still on them, however when they're washed, they don't have any.  

Poppy seed tea is used in Ayurvedic medicine to sooth and calm the body, improve sleep, relieving constipation, nourishing reproductive organs and kidneys, intestinal system, and nervous system, acting as an astringent, soothing tense muscles, and treat lung ailments such as asthma and cough while clearing nasal passageways and supporting the lungs.  

Boiled capsules were used by Iran and Turkey healers to treat diabetes.

Tea does not have strong phycological effects.  

Flour:

Seeds may be milled into a marketable gluten free, high protein and nutrient rich flour for culinary use.

Music:

Podcast music  Podcast background music  Podcast background music no copyright

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQ6gUSJARIA&t=81s

Oil:

Edible and cosmetic oil may be cold-pressed from poppy seeds.

Jugs resembling upside down poppy pods were found in the Mediterranean with residues of opium and poppy oil dating back over 3,000 years. The oil could've been used for anointing, spiritual ritual, or as a perfume.  

Medicinally poppy seed oil has been studied to regulate the nervous system and the absorption of nutrients in the brain, helping in memory and cognitive function.  

Used topically and internally, the oil may improve cell and tissue repair, accelerating the healing of wounds, while acting as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and may protect from UV radiation damage. Many have used Papaver seed oil in homemade sunscreen lotions as it may lend a hand in treating skin cancers.  

Topical applications of this lightweight oil may improve skin and hair elasticity with a glossy finish while it creates a protective barrier that may help treat eczema, itchiness of the skin, dryness, dandruff, and may be added to body oils, shampoos, conditioners, lotions, and lip balms.  

The oil may protect from macular degeneration, help balance cholesterol and blood glucose levels, lowing cortisol levels and reducing the risk of heart ailments.  

The oil may be used as a cooking oil, retaining medicinal qualities in high heat.  

The light nutty flavor pairs well with both sweet and savory dishes.  

Make into salad dressings at a 1:1 ratio of poppy seed oil and lemon juice. Blend with onion, cilantro, parsley, honey, or mustard to taste.

Another cool thing (that may not be recommend to eat) is to make a buttery "short" pain that is used in wet-to-wet absorbent canvases and elongates the drying the of added pigmentations.  

Seed Cake:

The dry bi-product from cold-pressing seed oil is called the seed cake.

The seed cake is gluten-free and highly nutritious edible for humans and animals alike.  

Glutamic Acid is a predominant protein building block of the seed cake, which is paired with branch chain amino acids Laucine, isoleucine, and caline which may be of interest to body builders.

Vitamin E, Calcium, polyunsaturated fatty acids, magnesium, potassium, phosphorous, and essential short chain fatty acids such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate may contribute to building muscles, healthy bones, and a balanced gut microbiota.  

Baspartic acid may help to excite neurotransmitters and stimulate focus.

Music:

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Keep in mind, poppy is toxic to cats and dogs if consumed in high quantity. Symptoms may include increased salivation, agitation, reduced apatite, respiratory distress, nausea, diarrhea, weakness, drowsiness, and in extreme cases, tremors, paralysis, convulsions, slow heart rate, dilated pupils, unconsciousness, coma, and even death. The variety P. somnifera may be most poisonous due to high alkaloid content of opium and morphine. Activated charcoal could be administered within two hours of ingestion to help counteract the poison in the blood stream. A vet may administer artificial respiration for severe breathing difficulty or anticonvulsant medication.  

California Poppy rarely is poisonous unless consumed in excess. Sheep and goats do not have noticeable reactions when consuming poppy, however cattle may be.

[Identification]

Cinematic Documentary Romantic by Infraction No Copyright Music  Story

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGPArLvbARk

Cold hardy seeds are small circular, black, blue, or white with a gently pitted surface; spread easily when the pod is disturbed through pores above the pod base and beneath the rayed disk; they may sprout when temperatures are around 55F and emerge in 7 - 30 days.

It takes 8 weeks for the plant to grow up to 2 feet tall from a cabbage-like plant which genetically vary from parent plants.  

Foliage is flat, curvy, pubescent, and deeply serrated and lobes that are connected midrib growing directly from   the stem, alternate green leaves become paler towards the bottom of the strong, thin, hairy stem.

Both stem and leaves are crisp when crushed, oozing a milky sap that may be white, yellow, or pale orange pink, turning black or dark brown when dried.  

There is generally one or two blooms per stem.

Flowers bloom after 90 days from sprout, usually around March - June.

Wispy flower petals appear in two whorls surrounding the ovary, the outer whorl larger in size.  

Numerous stamens complement the 3–6-inch petals which appear in colors all over the rainbow; Black, orange, red, burgundy, lavender, purple, and white.

Poppies flowers last well in floral bouquets.

Some may use flower petals to brew a syrup, studied to potentially act as an aphrodisiac while soothing mild tooth pain, sore throat, earaches, the digestive system, all while improve skin health.  

Powdered petals may be used as a colorant for foods and cosmetics.

Aqueous and alcoholic extracts may be used to help treat and prevent skin cancers when used in topical applications, commonly added to homemade sunscreen lotions and cosmetics.

Plant seeds in spring in colder climates, and in the fall in warmer climates so seeds endure cold stratification.  

Poppies may be grown in containers if the environment resembles outdoor conditions, roots do not transplant well and are better sown in their permanent location.

Companion plant with nitrogen fixers in full sun growing conditions.  

In landscape design, blooms that emerge after poppies have died back are great companions; tulips, cleome, and primrose may be great companions.  

Do not plant near Brassica plants like cauliflower, kale, brussel sprouts, broccoli, leafy mustards, and cabbages. Brassicas require fertile soil and lots of water, which may be more than what poppies prefer.

The nutrient Boron is vital for structural growth of plants, if deficient, plants may have stunted growth or be split along the stem, the plant may become dark violet in color with blue seed heads and deformed capsules. Worm castings are rich in both zinc and boron. Coffee grounds spent apple-cores, beans, and potatoes are especially useful in compost for poppies.

No serious pests or are observed.

[Sunflower Guru Theme Song]

[Hoplitis papaveris, the Poppy Mason Bee]

Music:

Cinematic Documentary Romantic by Infraction No Copyright Music  Story

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGPArLvbARk

Flowers are especially pollinated by the Poppy Mason bee (hoplitis papaveris).

The black dwarf honeybee, butterflies and hummingbirds also enjoy poppies.

However, they are deer and ribbit resistant.  

Pollen from Papaver rhoeas has been studied to be antiviral. Components like luteolin, nudicauline, and cheliathifoline were found to reduce a virus's ability to spread.

Hoplitis papaveris, the Poppy Mason Bee, is a medium sized bee with a black body and with yellow-brown hairs cuts a poppy flower petal to size with their mandibles to then decorate their brood cell entrance that is usually in sandy soil, making a bright (usually red) lining.

The show notes will have some YouTube links observing this phenomena.

Antennae are usually short; and have a polished terminal surface on the midfield of their abdominal segment, called the propodeum.

The section of an arthropod other than the head is called the tergum. On hoplitis papaveris, it was observed the 7th terigite has a forked edge, while the 6th is strongly curved.

Populations have been seen all over the globe with Europe and South Africa having the highest spotted numbers.  

Hoplitis papaveris is listed in the National Red List and Red Data Books in Germany, Netherlands, Czech Republic, and Switzerland, being potentially endangered or near threatened; the Poppy bee adds to biodiversity in an ecosystem and therefore is of noticeable concern to policymakers and conservationists.

Hoplitis papaveris: the bee that makes homes in the sand with papaver flower petals.  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efQpC405_MA

Poppy bee cutting pieces of Poppy Petal with its mandibles, Germany

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RYWqWUerH4

A short sequence showing the behavior of a Poppy bee, Bamberg, Germany.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdQ0kMF281Q

Murarka makowa (Hoplitis papaveris) - wycinanie maku

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zm7i1e3Bq38

Dzikie pszczoły Polski: murarka makowa (Hoplitis papaveris)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dlnWbgp85xI

Dzikie pszczoły Polski: murarka makowa (Hoplitis papaveris) - wycinanie płatków maku

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kqn1EOMWkbs

[Sunflower Guru Theme Song]

Ohh my goodness we have talked about so much in this episode, I'm gnna have to listen to it twice!

Ancestry, History, Medicine, Edibility, Cultivations, and our special Poppy Mason Bee.  

It's worth mentioning caution should be heeded when using poppies because they may be just as dangerous as they are good.  

Medicinal applications are dose dependent and may even cause death if abused in both internal, topical, and smoked uses. Poisoning symptoms may include sluggishness, abdominal contractions, and sedation. Prolonged abuse of opium or derived drugs may cause memory and reasoning disfunction, delayed wound healing, and sleep disorders. Do not use if allergic to hazelnut, rye grain, kiwi, sesame, or buckwheat. Consuming poppy seeds may result in a false positive drug test due to their pain-killing alkaloids.  

[Sunflower Guru Theme Song]

You've been listening to Sunflower Guru Episode ___ Botanical Name

If you enjoyed this episode, consider supporting the show on Patreon @SunflowerGuru

All resources and references are provided in the show notes.  

Remember, seeds must be planted to grow.

Till next time,  

YouTube links:

Buddy Popp Song 1935 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0jBtfU8bv0  

Brief history https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGCHk5_2skY  

History of Opium Poppy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDpsyQOkTTg&t=246s  

The Wisdom of Poppies by Ricky Tims https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdMl8ccctXo <3  

In 1600 the British East Indies IS trading company took over most of the opium and spice production in India. They later used opium to gain control of China. (The East Indiamen by Russell Miller) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tj0snQuC8nI  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDpsyQOkTTg&t=246s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOuDSSEIiVg  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAQliTVFgCw  

Poppy as a painkiller  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7WO60unHww

This Plant Is Dangerously Addictive

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZiF5xea6vQ

Resources:

https://www.libertylondon.com/uk/features/craft/flower-symbolism.html#:~:text=POPPY%20%2D%20Love%2C%20Peace%2C%20Dreams%2C%20Success%2C%20Magic%20%26%20Fertility&text=The%20poppy%20flower%20is%20a,success%20to%20death%20and%20sleep

https://museum.dea.gov/exhibits/online-exhibits/cannabis-coca-and-poppy-natures-addictive-plants/opium-poppy#:~:text=The%20poppy%20plant%2C%20Papaver%20somniferum,codeine%2C%20heroin%2C%20and%20oxycodone (Dea)

https://agriculture.borax.com/crop-guides/drug-fumitory-and-masticatory-crops/poppy#:~:text=In%20young%20poppy%20plants%20with,also%20show%20the%20same%20color (Borax)

Plants | Free Full-Text | Morphology, Taxonomy, Anatomy, and Palynology of the Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Cultivation in Northern Thailand (mdpi.com) (Ngernsaengsaruay)  

https://plantaddicts.com/poppy-companion-plants/#:~:text=Plants%20Not%20To%20Grow%20With,sprouts%2C%20collards%2C%20and%20cabbages (Addicts)

https://kathleenkarlsen.com/poppy-meaning/#:~:text=Poppy%20flower%20meaning%20has%20existed,to%20fallen%20soldiers%20in%20WWI (Karlsen)

https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/uncategorized/from-poppy-to-heroin-step-1-planting-opium-poppy/3168/ (pbs)

https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=284850 (Missouri)

https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:673586-1/general-information (Kew)

https://shop.kremerpigments.com/us/shop/mediums-binders-glues/73600-poppy-oil.html (Kremer)

https://www.livescience.com/63733-mediterranean-juglet-contained-opium.html (Rettner)

https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/people-and-stories/john-mccrae (mcc)

https://www.greekmyths-greekmythology.com/morpheus-the-god-of-dreams/ (Aidan)

https://www.marthastewart.com/8074506/planting-growing-poppies-guide (mar)

https://www.botanicalformulations.com/oil-monographs/poppy-seed-oil (form)

https://awaytogarden.com/an-easy-annual-poppy-papaver-somniferum/ (Away)

https://www.growveg.com/guides/growing-poppies-for-seeds-and-bees/ (Pleasant)

https://sciencing.com/are-poppy-seeds-bad-for-birds-13426765.html (sci)

https://asiapacificcurriculum.ca/learning-module/opium-wars-china (asi)

https://digidogs.com/dog-health/poisonous-plants/common-poppy (Patrick)

https://www.wildbirdscoop.com/can-birds-eat-poppy-seeds.html (wil)

https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/papaver-orientale/#poison (Paver)

https://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/plants-toxic-to-cats/  (cat)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9943628/ (Butnariu)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9562219/ (Melo)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513924/ (Haber)

https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PASO2 (Data)

https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/tale-two-poppies (Wearn)

https://emblem.legion.org/Poppy-Shop/products/1330/  (leg)

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-04056-3 (Hong)

https://detoxinista.com/lemon-poppy-seed-dressing/ (dres)

https://plantaddicts.com/are-poppies-poisonous/ (poi)

https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/11/2105  (Ngernsaengsaruay)

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20533811/ (205)

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17152761/ (171)

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9336867/ (Nencini)

https://www.agreka.com.tr/poppy-seed-oil (Agreka)

https://draxe.com/nutrition/poppy-seeds/ (Dr. Axe)

https://www.britannica.com/plant/poppy (Britannica)

https://www.agreka.com.tr/poppy-seed-oil (arg)

https://prose.com/ingredients/poppy-oil (Prose)  

https://prose.com/ingredients/poppy-oil

https://www.britannica.com/plant/poppy  

https://www.gbif.org/species/1337297 (tax)

https://poets.org/poem/flanders-fields (fla)

Helianthus tuberosus, Jerusalem Artichoke, Sunchoke, common Sunflower holds a special place among the people. With the Native stories of creation, biofuels, oil, medicine, ecosystem healing, and habitat providing, exquisite daisy-like sunflower gives abundantly while reaching for the heavens.  

Sunflowers are a symbol of honor to seek out light and truth.

You've been listening to Sunflower Guru Episode 1. Helianthus tuberosus.  

If you enjoyed this episode, consider supporting the show on Patreon @SunflowerGuru.  

All resources are provided in the show notes.  

Remember, seeds must be planted to grow. Or in this case, tubers.  

Till next time.

YouTube resources:  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0sG3uJrBGs  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eiy0F6HFqlA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEG6OT6Ohfc&t=28s (roo)  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGekE62Ie1U (mar) chokedup.com (contact for free sunchokes, and advertise for them on website or youtube.)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERhNMYgvXR0 (pickled Heilianthus tuberosus)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rt8B8eMGoS0 Jerusalem Artichoke Soup (ref)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzVIqILT1gw Boiled and Roasted Sunchoke

Resources:  

https://www.britannica.com/plant/sunflower-plant (bri)

https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-are-jerusalem-artichokes-and-how-to-use-them-4783505 (Cov)

https://www.tastingtable.com/1185680/jerusalem-artichokes-are-probably-not-what-you-expect/ (Har)

https://unsplash.com/photos/a-group-of-yellow-flowers-with-green-leaves-umQyTYBFbyU (uns)  

https://unsplash.com/photos/a-monarch-butterfly-on-a-sunflower-in-a-field-_VNCM9BcNb8 (unss)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wEGgkGW2nQ (mil)

https://gardenerspath.com/plants/vegetables/the-jerusalem-artichoke-a-healthful-food-and-flower-for-your-garden/ (whi)

https://www.petalrepublic.com/sunflower-meaning/ (gau)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflowers_(Van_Gogh_series) (wiki)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_artichoke (wikii)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahgwehdiyu (wikiii)

https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Helianthus_tuberosus.html (hor)

https://www.verywellfit.com/jerusalem-artichoke-nutrition-facts-and-health-benefits-5076353 (Del)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEG6OT6Ohfc&t=28s (roo)

https://www.balkep.org/helianthus-tuberosus.html#:~:text=habit%3A%20Multi-stemmed%20large%20leaved%2C%20tuberous%20root%20system.%20height,bearing%20yield%3A%201%20year%20productive%20life%20span%3A%20Indefinite (bal)

https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/helianthus-tuberosus/ (pla)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlosyne_nycteis (clo)

https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/silvery-checkerspot (mdc)

https://www.butterflyidentification.com/silvery-checkerspot.htm (but)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNPh2Ht1_Cg (can)

https://plantiago.com/helianthus-tuberosus/#:~:text=There%20are%20no%20known%20toxic%20or%20poisonous%20parts,it%20is%20not%20known%20to%20cause%20contact%20dermatitis. (pri)

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/9/9/528 (Ros)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312400/ (hel)

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/5/914 (lia)

http://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/sweet-secret/ (swe)

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