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References: 

• Hoving, H. J., & Robison, B. H. (2012). Vampire squid: detritivores in the oxygen minimum zone. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1747), 4559. 
• https://www.mbari.org/animal/vampire-squid/
• https://oceana.org/marine-life/vampire-squid/
• https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vampire-squid-fish.html 
• https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals-the-ocean/animals-a-to-z/vampire-squid
• https://study.com/academy/lesson/vampire-squid-overview-facts.html 
• https://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/vampire_squid

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References: 

• https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/63596-Osedax
• https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=265008
• https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/zombie-worms-crave-bone
• Palumbi, S. R., & Palumbi, A. R. (2014). The extreme life of the sea. In Princeton University Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400849932

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References: 

• Barney, E. C., Mintzes, J. J., & Yen, C. F. (2005). Assessing knowledge, attitudes, and behavior toward charismatic megafauna: The case of dolphins. The Journal of Environmental Education, 36(2), 41-55. 
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• East, M. L., Thierer, D., Benhaiem, S., Metzger, S., & Hofer, H. (2022). Infanticide by Adult Females Causes Sexual Conflict in a Female-Dominated Social Mammal. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 860854. 
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• Gehrke, C., & Menzel, A. (2026). Ocean Pop: Marine Imaginaries in the Age of Global Polycrisis. 
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References: 

• https://www.britannica.com/science/Ocean-vs-Sea-Whats-the-Difference
• https://deadsea.com/dead-sea-salinity/
• https://www.diffen.com/difference/Ocean_vs_Sea
• https://www.oceanclock.com/en/blogs/journal/what-is-the-difference-between-sea-and-ocean
• https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanorsea.html
• https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sargassosea.html
• https://www.surfinghandbook.com/sea-vs-ocean-differences/
• https://www.whoi.edu/ocean-learning-hub/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/seafloor-below/ocean-trenches/

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References: 

• https://www.dictionary.com/browse/sea-dog
• https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/old%20salt 
• https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salty_dog 
• https://cats.com/can-cats-drink-saltwater

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References: 

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Miriam-Webster Dictionary: September 1st, 2026 Consciousness. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/consciousness. Accessed September 2026 

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Newby NC, Stevens ED. 2008. The effects of the acetic acid ‘‘pain’’ test on feeding, swimming, and respiratory responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 114(1-2): 260–269

Rose JD, Arlinghaus R, Cooke SJ, Diggles BK, Sawynok W, Stevens ED,  Wynne CD. 2014. Can fish really feel pain?. Fish and Fisheries 15(1): 97-133. 

Schmidt RF. 1986. Nociception and Pain. In: Schmidt, R.F. (eds) Fundamentals of Sensory Physiology. Springer Study Edition. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82598-9_4 

Sneddon LU. 2003. The evidence for pain in fish: the use of morphine as an analgesic. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 83(2): 153-162. 

Sneddon LU, Braithwaite VA, Gentle MJ. 2003. Do Fishes Have Nociceptors? Evidence for the Evolution of a Vertebrate Sensory System. Proceedings: Biological Sciences 270(1520): 1115–1121. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3558836 

Sneddon LU. 2009. The effects of the acetic acid “pain” test on feeding, swimming, and respiratory responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a critique on Newby and Stevens (2008). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 116(1): 96-97. 

Tracey WD. 2017. Nociception. Current Biology 27(4): R129-R133. 

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